Wpływ infodemii towarzyszącej COVID-19 na weryfikowanie informacji przez dziennikarzy i korzystanie z serwisów fact-checkingowych

Dariusz Tworzydło; Anna Miotk

doi:10.33077/uw.24511617.sm.2022.4.687

Autor

Dariusz Tworzydło Uniwersytet Warszawski
Anna Miotk Uniwersytet Warszawski

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33077/uw.24511617.sm.2022.4.687

Słowa kluczowe:

COVID-19, fact-checking, fake news, infodemia, komunikacja, koronawirus

Abstrakt

Pandemia COVID-19 i towarzysząca jej infodemia zmieniły sposób pracy dziennikarzy, także w zakresie weryfikowania informacji. Celem niniejszego tekstu jest ukazanie zmian, jakie zaszły w tym obszarze, czemu służy analiza wyników przeprowadzonego badania sondażowego. Metody badań: badanie zrealizowano techniką CAWI wśród dziennikarzy znajdujących się w bazach Polskiej Agencji Prasowej, w maju 2020 roku. Otrzymano 316 wypełnionych kwestionariuszy. Sprawdzono, czy dziennikarze deklarowali weryfikowanie uzyskiwanych informacji (w tym informacji przekazywanych im bezpośrednio przez firmy) oraz czy korzystali z serwisów fact-checkingowych. Wyniki i wnioski: dokładniejsza weryfikacja informacji pochodzących z różnych źródeł rzeczywiście miała miejsce, jednak stosunek dziennikarzy do fact-checkingu nie zmienił się. Oryginalność/wartość poznawcza: wartość poznawcza pracy wynika przede wszystkim z oryginalnych badań, które zostały w niej zaprezentowane.

Bibliografia

Alcott, H., Gentzkow, M., & Yu, C. (2019). Trends in the diffusion of misinformation on social media. Research & Politics, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/20531680198485 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2053168019848554

Bessi, A., Coletto, M., Davidescu, G.A., Scala, A., Caldarelli, G., & Quattrociocchi, W. (2015). Science vs conspiracy: Collective narratives in the age of misinformation. PloS One, 10(2), e0118093. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118093

Boutyline, A., & Willer, R. (2017). The social structure of political echo chambers: variation in ideological homophily in online networks. Political Psychology, 38(3), 551–569. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12337

Brandtzaeg, P.B., & Folstad, A. (2017). Trust and Distrust on Online Fact-Checking Services. Communications of the ACM, 60(9), 65–71. https://doi.org/10.1145/3122803 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3122803

Brandtzaeg, P.B., Folstad, A., & Chaparro, M.A. (2018). How journalists and social media users perceive fact-checking and verification services. Journalism Practice, 12(9), 1109–1129. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2017.1363657 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2017.1363657

Brandtzaeg, P.B., Lueders, M., Spangenberg, J., Rath-Wiggins, L., & Folstad, A. (2017). Emerging journalistic verification practices concerning social media. Journalism Practice, 10(3), 323–342. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2015.1020331

Day, A., & Thompson, E. (2012). Live from New York, it’s the fake news! Saturday Night Live and the (non) politics of parody. Popular Communication, 10(1–2), 170–182. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15405702.2012.638582

Del Vicario, M., Bessi, A., Zollo, F., Petroni, F., Scala, A., Caldarelli, G., Stanley, H.E., & Quattrociocchi, W. (2016). The spreading of misinformation online. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(3), 554–559. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1517441113

Fung, I.C., Fu, K.W., Chan, C.H., Chan, B.S., Cheung, C.N., Abraham, T., & Tse, Z.T. (2016). Social media’s initial reaction to information and misinformation on Ebola, August 2014: Facts and Rumors. Public Health Reports, 113(3), 461–473. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/003335491613100312

Gavgani, V.Z. (2020). Infodemic in the Global Coronavirus Crisis. Depiction of Health, 11(1), 1–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.34172/doh.2020.01

Gevers, A. (2020a). Coronavirus pandemic and online behavioural shifts. Retrieved on 2020, June 4, from https://www.comscore.com/Insights/Blog/Coronavirus-pandemic-and-online-behavioural-shifts

Gevers, A. (2020b). The coronavirus pandemic and future consumer demand. Retrieved on 2020, June 26, from https://www.comscore.com/Insights/Blog/The-coronavirus-pandemic-and-future-consumer-demand

Golińska-Konecko, M. (2021). Media i dziennikarze w czasach pandemii COVID-19. Na przykładzie olsztyńskim. Media Biznes Kultura, 2(11), 39–51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4467/25442554.MBK.21.013.15154

Gottfried, J., & Shearer, E. (2016). News use across social media platforms 2016. Retrieved on 2020, February 9, from https://www.journalism.org/2016/05/26/news-use-across-social-media-platforms-2016

Guess, A., Nagler, J., & Tucker, J. (2019). Less than you think: Prevalence and predictors of fake news dissemination on Facebook. Science Advances, 5(1), eaau4586. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau4586

Hao, K., & Basu, T. (2020). The coronavirus is the first true social-media “infodemic”. Retrieved on 2020, June 4, from https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/02/12/844851/the-coronavirus-is-the-first-true-social-media-infodemic

Husnayain, A., Fuad, A., & Su, E.C. (2020). Applications of Google Search Trends for risk communication in infectious disease management: A case study of the COVID-19 outbreak in Taiwan. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 95, 221–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.021

Jerit, J., & Barabas, J. (2012). Partisan perceptual bias and the information environment. The Journal of Politics, 74(3), 672–684. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381612000187

Knight Foundation. (2018). Disinformation, ‘Fake News’ and Influence Campaigns on Twitter. Miami: Knight Foundation.

Kouzy, R., Abi Jaoude, J., Kraitem, A., El Alam, M.B., Karam, B., Adib, E., Zarka, J., Traboulsi, C., Akl, E.W., & Baddour, K. (2020). Coronavirus Goes Viral: Quantifying the COVID-19 Misinformation Epidemic on Twitter. Cureus, 12(3), e7255. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.7255 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.7255

Kulkarni, P., Prabhu, S., Kumar, D.S., & Ramraj, B. (2020). COVID-19 Infodemic overtaking pandemic? Time to disseminate facts over fear. Indian Journal of Community Health, 32(2), 264–268. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47203/IJCH.2020.v32i02SUPP.018

Lazer, D.M., Baum, M.A., & Benkler, Y. (2018). The science of fake news. Science, 359(6380), 1094–1096. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao2998

Lewandowsky, S., Ecker, U.K., & Seifert, C.M. (2012). Misinformation and its correction: Continued influence and successful debiasing. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 13(3), 106–131. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100612451018

Molla, R. (2020). It’s not just you. Everybody is reading the news more because of coronavirus. Retrieved on 2020, February 2, from https://www.vox.com/recode/2020/3/17/21182770/news-consumption-coronavirus-traffic-views

Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2010). When corrections fail: the persistence of political misperceptions. Political Behaviour, 32(2), 303–330. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-010-9112-2

Ogyanova, K., Lazer, D., Robertson, R.E., & Wilson, C. (2020). Misinformation in action: Fake news exposure is linked to lower trust in media, higher trust in government when your side is in power. The Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, 1(4), 1–18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-024

PBI. (2020, 8 maja). Polski internet w kwietniu 2020. Pobrane 5 czerwca 2020 z http://pbi.org.pl/badanie-gemius-pbi/polski-internet-w-kwietniu-2020

Porlezza, C., & Russ-Mohl, S. (2019). Getting the facts straight in a digital era: Journalistic accuracy and trustworthiness. In C. Peters & M. Broersma, Rethinking Journalism (pp. 45–59). London: Routledge.

Press Service Monitoring Mediów. (2020). Koronawirus. Raport Medialny. Poznań: Press Service Monitoring Mediów.

Rogowska, B. (2020, 16 marca). Fala fake newsów w dobie pandemii koronawirusa. Naukowcy mają już na to nazwę: „infodemia”. Pobrane 4 czerwca 2020 z https://lodz.wyborcza.pl/lodz/7,35136,25793149,fala-fake-newsow-w-dobie-pandemi-koronawirusa-naukowcy-maja.html

Shu, K., Silva, A., Wang, S., Tang, J., & Liu, H. (2017). Fake news detection on social media: a data mining perspective. ACM SIGKDD Explorations Newsletter, 19(1), 22–36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3137597.3137600

Silverman, C. (2016, November 16). This Analysis Shows How Viral Fake Election News Stories Outperformed Real News On Facebook. Retrieved on 2020, February 9, from https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/craigsilverman/viral-fake-election-news-outperformed-real-news-on-facebook

Silverman, C., & Singer-Vine, J. (2016, December 6). Most Americans Who See Fake News Believe It, New Survey Says. Retrieved on 2020, February 9, from https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/craigsilverman/fake-news-survey

Silverman, C., Strapagiel, L., Shaban, H., Hall, E., & Singer-Vine, J. (2016, October 20). Hyperpartisan Facebook Pages Are Publishing False and Misleading Information at an Alarming Rate. Retrieved on 2020, October 8, from https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/craigsilverman/partisan-fb-pages-analysis#.etJ0Wk37V

Silverman, D. (2015). Lies, Damn Lies, and Viral Content. New York: Columbia Journalism School.

Soll, J. (2016, December 18). The Long and Brutal History of Fake News. Retrieved on 2020, February 9, from https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/12/fake-news-history-long-violent-214535

Taber, C.S., & Lodge, M. (2006). Motivated Skepticism in the Evaluation of Political Beliefs. American Jounal of Political Science, 50(3), 755–769. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00214.x

Tandoc Jr., E.C., Ling, R., Westlund, O., Duffy, A., Goh, D., & Wei, L.Z. (2018). Audiences’ acts of authentication in the age of fake news: A conceptual framework. New Media & Society, 20, 2745–2763. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817731756

The Computational Propaganda Project at the Oxford Internet Institute. (2019). The Global Disinformation Order 2019 Global Inventory of Organised Social Media Manipulation. Oxford: The Computational Propaganda Project at the Oxford Internet Institute.

Uberti, D. (2017, February 14). ‘Fake news’ is dead. Retrieved on 2020, February 9, from https://www.cjr.org/criticism/fake_news_trump_white_house_cnn.php

Vergeer, M. (2018). Incorrect, fake and false. Journalists’ perceived online source credibility and verification behavior. Observatiorio Journal, 37–52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15847/obsOBS12120181126

Wang, Y., McKee, M., Torbica, A., & Stuckler, D. (2019). Systematic literature review on the spread of health-related misinformation on social media. Social Science & Medicine, 240(112552). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112552 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112552

World Health Organization. (2018). Managing epidemics Key facts about major deadly diseases. Luxembourg: World Health Organization.

Zarocostas, J. (2020). How to fight an infodemic. The Lancet, 395. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30461-X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30461-X